Geology of the Transverse Range Province, Southern California

The Transverse Range province of southern California is an elongate geomorphic and structural unit that trends essentially east-west across parts of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties (pl. 4). Its name reflects its transverse orientation with respect to the adjacent provinces, especially the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada to the north and the Peninsular Ranges to the south. This distinctive province is geologically very complex, and comprises chains of mountains and hills that are flanked or separated by narrow to moderately broad valleys. These features, as well as most of their structural elements, lie athwart the general northwest-southeast grain of southern California, and several of them are responsible for the anomalous east-west alignment of the coast from Point Conception to the Santa Barbara area, and along the north side of Santa Monica Bay

Surface Engineered Titanium for Improved Tribological, Electrochemical and Tribo-electrochmical Performance

In the present study, efforts have been made to produce protective surface layers in order to improve the tribological, electrochemical and tribo-electrochemical response of titanium. In order to achieve this, two different techniques were employed: 1) thermal oxidation (TO) and 2) pack carburisation with oxygen diffusion (PC). Thermal oxidation of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) was undertaken at a temperature of 625 °C for durations of 5, 20 and 72 h. This results in a multi-layered structure comprising a titanium dioxide layer (rutile) atop of an α-titanium oxygen diffusion zone (α-Ti(O)). Initial attempts have also been made to improve the frictional behaviour of the oxide layer, using a prior surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) and controlled slow cooling after oxidation. The results demonstrate that these prior and post treatments have a positive effect on the tribological performance of the oxide layer. Electrochemical and tribo-electrochemical characterisation was also carried out in a 0.9% NaCl solution. Electrochemical tests provided evidence that oxygen content in the upper part of the oxygen diffusion zone (depths < 5 μm from the surface) helps to accelerate passive film formation and thus improve the corrosion resistance of CP-Ti. Tribo-electrochemical testing of TO-Ti was carried out against an alumina counter face under various anodic and cathodic potentials. It is shown that the rutile oxide layer offers low friction and improved wear resistance. An unusual anodic protection behaviour for the oxide film has also been observed. When the TO-Ti is polarised anodically during sliding, the durability of the oxide layer is prolonged, resulting in low friction and much reduced material loss. In the present work a new pack carburising surface treatment method has been developed, whereby oxygen diffusion and carburisation of CP-Ti were undertaken concurrently. Optimisation of the process showed that a temperature of 925 °C for 20 h resulted in a multilayer structure comprising of a titanium carbide (TiC) network layer atop of a relatively thick α-Ti(O) diffusion zone. Tribological testing demonstrated that the new surface treatment can significantly enhance the tribological properties of titanium, in terms of much reduced friction (μ ≈ 0.2), improved wear resistance and enhanced load bearing capacity. Electrochemical corrosion testing also showed the PC-Ti retained the favourable corrosion characteristics of CP-Ti. Tribocorrosive testing revealed an improved tribological response when compared with that of untreated CP-Ti

Francis Ellington\u27s use of Prophecy to Explain the Appearance, Deliverance, and Apocalyptic Role of Quakers in the Last Days

Early Quakers rarely relied on ancient or modern (seventeenth century) prophecy to authenticate their faith. The reason for this was their emphasis on inner revelation. After the Nayler episode Quakers slowly began to turn their energies toward making necessary theological and institutional adjustments that would better enable the movement to control the radical individualism of the inner light. One area that has not received much attention is how attitudes toward prophecy were changing. This paper focuses on one distinctive Quaker pamphlet which appeared in 1664. Francis Ellington\u27s A Christian Information Conce��ning These Last Times demonstrates how one Quaker was strugglmg to understand the reasons for the long-delayed consummation of the Lamb\u27s War. In the face of fierce persecution and the difficult conditions for Quakers during the Restoration Ellington searched back beyond Fox for new expressions of prophetic authentication and encouragement. The use of specific prophecy, now seen as coming true, was rare in Quaker writing. Ellington\u27s voice may have been a distinctive one among Quakers of the time but his tendency to incorporate a pacifist element into a militant apocalyptic rhetoric was not unusual in Quaker writing until the 1680s

A MODEL TO EXPLAIN PARTICIPATION IN NEW YORK'S AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS AND USE-VALUE ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS

Logit regression models are estimated to identify factors affecting decisions to enroll farmland in New York's agricultural districts program and participate in the use-value assessment program. The results suggest that the districts law is consistent with preserving the best farmland at the rural-urban fringe and that the decision to enroll in agricultural districts affects in a recursive fashion the decision to participate in the use-value assessment program. Short-term monetary gains are the overriding considerations in applying for use-value exemptions. This may lead to additional erosion of the tax base via tax preferences for agricultural land.Land Economics/Use,